Thrombectomy in a severe case of iliofemoral venous thrombosis involving the deep femoral vein via a single percutaneous access from the jugular vein: case report and description of the technique / Trombectomia em caso grave de trombose venosa iliofemoral afetando a veia femoral profunda pela técnica de punção e sessão única realizada pela veia jugular: relato de caso e descrição da técnica

ABSTRACT: Iliac vein thrombectomy is usually performed via access through veins located in the lower limbs, which makes it impossible to treat the deep femoral vein, which in turn is an important inflow route to the iliac vein stent. We describe a clinical case and the previously unpublished technique of percutaneous thrombectomy, angioplasty, and stent implantation performed in a single session and with a single access, obtained via the internal jugular vein.

RESUMO: A trombectomia mecânica venosa ilíaca geralmente é realizada por acesso em veias localizadas nos membros inferiores, o que impossibilita o tratamento da veia femoral profunda, que, por sua vez, é uma importante via de influxo ao stent venoso ilíaco. Descrevemos um caso clínico em que foi aplicada a técnica inédita de trombectomia percutânea, angioplastia e implante de stent, realizada por sessão e acesso único, obtido na veia jugular interna.

Clinical, ultrasonographic and histological findings in varicose vein surgery

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE This study aims to correlate the demographic data, different clinical degrees of chronic venous insufficiency (CEAP), ultrasound findings of saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) reflux, and anatomopathological findings of the proximal segment of the great saphenous vein (GSV) extracted from patients with primary chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) submitted to stripping of the great saphenous vein for the treatment of lower limb varicose. METHOD This is a prospective study of 84 patients (110 limbs) who were submitted to the stripping of the great saphenous vein for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs, who were evaluated for CEAP clinical classification, the presence of reflux at the SFJ with Doppler ultrasonography, and histopathological changes. We study the relationship between the histopathological findings of the proximal GSV withdrawal of patients with CVI with a normal GSV control group from cadavers. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was higher in the advanced CEAPS categories when comparing C2 (46,1 years) with C4 (55,7 years) and C5-6(66 years), as well as C3 patients (50,6 years) with C5-6 patients. The normal GSV wall thickness (mean 839,7 micrometers) was significantly lower than in the saphenous varicose vein (mean 1609,7 micrometers). The correlational analysis of reflux in SFJ with clinical classification or histopathological finding did not show statistically significant findings. CONCLUSIONS The greater the age, the greater the clinical severity of the patients. The GSV wall is thicker in patients with lower limb varicose veins, but those histopathological changes are not correlated with the disease's clinical severity or reflux in the SFJ on a Doppler ultrasound.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Este estudo tem como objetivo correlacionar os dados demográficos, os diferentes graus clínicos da insuficiência venosa crônica (Ceap), com achados ultrassonográficos de refluxo da junção safenofemoral (JSF) e os achados anatomopatológicos do segmento proximal da veia safena magna (VSM) extraído de pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica (IVC) primária submetidos à safenectomia magna para correção de varizes dos membros inferiores. MÉTODO Estudo prospectivo de 84 pacientes e 110 membros submetidos à safenectomia magna para o tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores, correlacionando a sua classificação clínica Ceap, presença de refluxo na JSF ao ultrassom Doppler e alterações histopatológicas. Comparamos ainda os achados histopatológicos da VSM proximal retirada dos pacientes com IVC com grupo controle de VSM normal retirada de cadáveres. RESULTADOS Média de idade dos pacientes foi maior nos Ceaps avançados quando comparado Ceap C2 (46,1 anos) com C4 (55,7 anos) e C5-6 (66 anos), e pacientes C3 (50,6 anos) com C5-6. A espessura da parede da VSM normal (média de 839,7 micrômetros) foi significativamente menor do que das VSM varicosas (média de 1.609,7 micrômetros). As análises de correlação da presença do refluxo em JSF com a classificação clínica ou achado histopatológico não demostraram ser estatisticamente significativas. CONCLUSÕES Quanto maior a idade, mais avançada é a classificação clínica da IVC dos pacientes. A espessura da parede da crossa da VSM é maior nos pacientes com IVC e essas alterações não se correlacionam com a classificação clínica da doença ou com a presença de refluxo na JSF ao ultrassom Doppler.

Canalización vascular ecoguiada: Experiencia en el paciente pediátrico crítico / Ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation: Experience in critically-ill pediatric patients

Introducción. La canalización vascular central en niños presenta alta complejidad técnica y dificultades. La ecografía vascular puede facilitar este procedimiento. Objetivo. Describir las características de las canalizaciones vasculares ecoguiadas en el paciente pediátrico crítico. Población y métodos. Las variables de interés registradas prospectivamente fueron los vasos más comúnmente canalizados, su localización, la medición del diámetro/profundidad, la tasa de éxito y las complicaciones presentadas, entre otras. Resultados. En 86 pacientes pediátricos, se realizaron 124 punciones vasculares. Los accesos vasculares fueron la vena femoral (39,7%), seguida de la arteria femoral (27,2%) y la vena yugular interna (14,7%). Los vasos femorales se localizaron a una profundidad de 0,75 ± 0,25 mm con un diámetro medio de 0,31 ± 0,16 mm. La profundidad de los vasos venosos yugulares fue menor (0,64 ± 0,24 mm) y su diámetro global, mayor (0,44 ± 0,19 mm). El número medio de intentos en las canalizaciones vasculares ecoguiadas fue de 2,2 ± 1,3. La tasa de éxito fue del 79% asociada a un mayor diámetro del vaso (0,39 ± 0,20 mm vs. 0,28 ± 0,13 mm, p 0,01) y un menor número de intentos (1,90 ± 1,16 vs. 3,45 ± 1,77, p= 0,001). Las complicaciones, fueron la punción accidental de otro vaso (5,3%) y el desarrollo de un hematoma durante la punción (2,3%). Conclusiones. La canalización vascular ecoguiada en los pacientes pediátricos estudiados permite visualizar los vasos y medir su profundidad y diámetro; presenta una alta tasa de éxito y se asocia a una baja tasa de complicaciones.

Introduction. Central vascular cannulation in children is a highly complex technique and poses many difficulties. Vascular ultrasound can make this procedure easier. Objective. To describe the characteristics of ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation in critically-ill pediatric patients. Population and methods. Outcome measures prospectively recorded were vessels most frequently cannulated, their localization, the measurement of their diameter/depth, the success rate and complications developed, among others. Results. One hundred and twenty four vascular punctures were performed in 86 pediatric patients. Vascular accesses were the femoral vein (39.7%), followed by the femoral artery (27.2%) and the internal jugular vein (14.7%). Femoral vessels were localized at a depth of 0.75 ± 0.25 mm, with a mean diameter of 0.31 ± 0.16 mm. The depth of jugular vein vessels was smaller (0.64 ± 0.24 mm) and their overall diameter, larger (0.44 ± 0.19 mm). The mean number of attempts in ultrasound-guided cannulations was 2.2 ± 1.3. The success rate was 79% and was associated to a larger vessel diameter (0.39 ± 0.20 mm vs. 0.28 ± 0.13 mm, p= 0.01) and a lower number of attempts (1.90 ± 1.16 vs. 3.45 ± 1.77, p= 0.001). Complications were accidental puncture of another vessel (5.3%) and hematoma formation during puncture (2.3%). Conclusions. In the pediatric patients studied, ultrasound-guided vascular cannulation allowed vessel visualization and measurement of their depth and diameter; the success rate was high and it was associated to a low complication rate.